What are benzodiazepines synthesized from?

What are benzodiazepines synthesized from?

Benzodiazepines are generally synthesized by the condensation of o-phenylenediamine (OPDA) with a,b-unsaturated carbonyl compounds, b-haloketones, or with ketones [12] using acidic catalysts which are critical to enhance the condensation process.

What is benzodiazepine mechanism of action?

Benzodiazepines work by enhancing a very important neurotransmitter called GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) at the GABA A receptor. This results in the sedative, hypnotic (sleep-inducing), anxiolytic (anti-anxiety), anticonvulsant, and muscle relaxant properties for which the drugs are prescribed.

How do benzodiazepines work chemically?

Like other mental health medications, these work by impacting chemical messengers in the brain called neurotransmitters. Benzodiazepines enhance the action of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), which slows down the central nervous system.

What are the metabolites of benzodiazepines?

Alprazolam is detected as the metabolite α-hydroxyalprazolam. Clonazepam is detected as the metabolite 7-aminoclonazepam. Flunitrazepam is detected as the metabolite 7-aminoflunitrazepam. Flurazepam is detected as the metabolite hydroxyethyl-flurazepam.

What is the active ingredient in benzodiazepines?

Examples of benzodiazepines active ingredients are diazepam, lorazepam, oxazepam, temazepam and alprazolam. Most are now generics (no more under patent), but still widely recognizable under brand names such as Valium® or Xanax®.

Where do benzodiazepines originate?

The story of modern benzodiazepines such as Xanax (alprazolam), Ativan (lorazepam) and Klonopin (clonazepam) begins nearly a century ago, in Germany, where chemists developed a class of sedatives known as barbiturates. Barbiturates were the first synthetic tranquilizers.

Where is benzodiazepines metabolized?

ALL benzodiazepines are metabolized by the liver.

How is benzodiazepine metabolized?

Metabolism. All benzodiazepines are metabolized by the liver. However, some benzodiazepines (i.e. – lorazepam, oxazepam, and tamazepam) do not go through cytochrome P450 metabolism (Phase I metabolism), and are only metabolized via glucuronidation (Phase II metabolism).

What is synthesis of aspirin?

Synthesis of Aspirin. After the synthesis of aspirin, the product was recrystallized for purification to rid the product of impurities. A major impurity that could be found in the crude product would be unreacted salicylic acid. The crude product and the purified product can be tested using ferric chloride.

What are the sources of error in the synthesis of aspirin?

One possible source of error is in the nature of the reaction of aspirin. These carbonyl reactions are all equilibrium reactions which means it is impossible for the reaction to go to 100% completion. Therefore during the synthesis of the aspirin some of the aspirin will be converted back to starting material.

What is the role of salicylic acid in the synthesis of aspirin?

This time the hydroxyl group of the salicylic acid acts as the nucleophile to attack the carbonyl group of the acetic anhydride and replace one of the acetyl groups. After the synthesis of aspirin, the product was recrystallized for purification to rid the product of impurities.

What are the physiologic and pharmacokinetic properties of benzodiazepines?

The physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties of the benzodiazepines greatly affect their clinical utility. Most benzodiazepines are lipophilic, in the nonionized form and thus well absorbed from the GI tract, whereas the more polar compounds.