How is nitric acid prepared by oxidation of ammonia?

How is nitric acid prepared by oxidation of ammonia?

The Ostwald process converts ammonia to nitric acid and involves two steps. In step 1, ammonia is oxidized to form nitric oxide and also nitrogen dioxide. Then in step 2, the nitrogen dioxide that was formed is absorbed in water. This in-turn forms nitric acid.

What produces nitric acid and ammonia?

Commercial nitric acid (HNO3) and ammonia (NH3) are mostly produced through the Ostwald process and the Haber-Bosch process, respectively. However, high energy demand and enormous greenhouse gas accompy these processes.

What is the process of making nitric acid?

In general, the process for nitric acid manufacture consists of preheating the air, mixing it with ammonia gas, passing it over a platinum catalyst, extracting the heat produced from this reaction by using it to preheat the incoming air and then cooling further, adding secondary air and then absorb- ing the nitrogen …

What is ammonia oxidation?

Ammonia oxidation is a fundamental core process in the global biogeochemical nitrogen cycle. Oxidation of ammonia (NH3) to nitrite (NO2 −) is the first and rate-limiting step in nitrification and is carried out by distinct groups of microorganisms.

What is the production of nitrates from ammonia called?

Nitrification. Nitrification is the process that converts ammonia to nitrite and then to nitrate and is another important step in the global nitrogen cycle. Most nitrification occurs aerobically and is carried out exclusively by prokaryotes.

Where is nitric oxide produced?

The body synthesizes nitric oxide from the amino acid L-arginine by means of the enzyme nitric oxide synthase. The main site of the molecule’s synthesis is the inner layer of blood vessels, the endothelium, though the molecule is also produced by other types of cells.

Which process of ammonia oxidation requires oxygen?

Ammonia is toxic to aquatic life at these concentrations, and the the nitrification process requires oxygen (ammonia contributes to the BOD of the wastewater) so it will use up the oxygen needed by other organisms.

What is nitric oxide production?

Nitric oxide is produced by nearly every type of cell in the human body and one of the most important molecules for blood vessel health. It’s a vasodilator, meaning it relaxes the inner muscles of your blood vessels, causing the vessels to widen. In this way, nitric oxide increases blood flow and lowers blood pressure.

What stimulates nitric oxide?

Nitric oxide biosynthesis Platelet-derived factors, shear stress, acetylcholine, and cytokines stimulate the production of NO by endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS).

What is produced when ammonia is oxidized?

During ammonia oxidation, ammonia is oxidised to hydroxylamine by ammonia monooxygenase (AMO), a membrane-bound enzyme that belongs to a superfamily of ammonia, methane and alkane monooxygenases.

How is nitric acid produced by ammonia oxidation?

Therefore, the ammonia oxidation efficiency is a key factor for the nitric acid production. In the first industrial process of nitric acid production by ammonia oxidation designed by Ostwald [2] at the beginning of the 19th century, pure platinum gauzes served as the catalyst.

How is ammonia converted into nitric acid in a down flow converter?

As ammonia is a major cost item in the production of nitric acid, converters are normally designed for and operated at the optimum efficiency. Conversion at high pressure in a down flow converter using a thick pad of sixteen-inch hexagonal rhodium-platinum alloy gauzes Photomicrographs (× 100) of catalyst gauzes.

What is the percentage of acid in ammonia oxidation?

The ammonia oxidation process as originally developed produced weak acid, which was often nearer 40 than 50 per cent HNO 3. This acid is quite satisfactory for the production of inorganic nitrates but for organic nitrations the explosives and dyestuffs industries needed concentrated acid.

How do you calculate nitric acid production rate?

Production rates are in terms o f total weight of product (water and acid). A plant producing 500 tons per day of 55 weight % nitric acid is calculated as producing 275 tons/day of 100% acid. To convert lb/ton to kg/Mg, multiply by 0.5. ND = no data.